Terminology

The terminology below describes various levels of finish of gypsum board surfaces prior to the application of specific types of final decoration. The recommended level of finish of gypsum board wall and ceiling surfaces varies with the final decoration to be applied and can also be dependent on their location in a structure and the type of illumination striking the surface. Each recommended level of finish is described with typical applications.

The following definitions provide greater insight into decision making during your remodel or building process:

Accessories

Metal of plastic beads, trim, or molding used to protect or conceal corners, edges, or abutments of the gypsum board construction.

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Critical Lighting

Strong side lighting from windows or surface-mounted light fixtures. syn.severe lighting.

Joint Photographing

The shadowing of the finished joint areas through the surface decoration. syn. telegraphing.

Drywall Primer

A paint material specifically formulated to fill the pores and equalize the suction difference between gypsum board surface paper and the compound used on finished joints, angles, fastener heads, and accessories and over skim coatings.

Skim Coat

A thin coast of joint compound, or a material manufactured especially for this purpose, applied over the entire surface to fill imperfections in the joint work, smooth the paper texture, and provide a uniform surface for decorating. Excess compound is immediately sheared off, leaving a film of skim coating compound completely covering the paper.

Spotting

To cover fastener heads with joint compound.

Texture

A decorative treatment of gypsum board surfaces.

Texturing

Regular or irregular patterns typically produced by applying a mixture of joint compound and water, or proprietary texture materials including latex base texture paint, to a gypsum board surface previously coated with drywall primer.

The following levels of finish are established as a guide for specific final decoration. The minimum requirements for each level shall be as described herein.

Level 0

No taping, finishing, or accessories required.

Level 1

All joints and interior angles shall have tape set in joint compound. Surface shall be free of excess joint compound. Tool marks and ridges are acceptable.

Frequently specified in plenum areas above ceilings, in attics, in areas where the assembly would generally be concealed or in building service corridors, and other areas not normally open to public view. Accessories optional at specified discretion in corridors and other areas with pedestrian traffic.

Some degree of sound and smoke control is provided; in some geographic areas this level is referred to as “fire taping.” Where a fire-resistance rating is required for the gypsum board assembly, details of construction shall be in accordance with reports of fire tests of assemblies that have met the fire-rating requirement. Tape and fastener heads need not be covered with joint compound.

Level 2

All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and wiped with a joint knife leaving a thing coating of joint compound over all joints and interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with a coat of joint compound. Surface shall be free of excess joint compound. Tool marks and ridges are acceptable. Joint compound applied over the body of the tape at the time of tape embedment shall be considered a separate coat of joint compound and shall satisfy the conditions of this level.

Specified where water-resistant gypsum backing board is used as substrate for tile; may be specified in garages, warehouse storage, or other similar areas where surface appearance is not of primary concern./div>

Level 3

All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and one additional coast of joint compound applied over all joints and interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with two separate coasts of joint compound. All joint compound shall be smooth and free of tool marks and ridges. Note: It is recommended that the prepared surfaced be coasted with a drywall primer prior to the application of final finishes. See painting/wall covering specification in this regard.

Typically specified in appearance areas, which coverings are to be applied as the final decoration. This level of finish is not recommended where smooth painted surfaces or light to medium wall coverings are specified./div>

Level 4

All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and two separate coats of joint compound applied over all flat joints and one separate coat of joint compound applied over interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with three separate coats of joint compound. All joint compound shall be smooth and free of tool marks and ridges. Note: It is recommended that the prepared surface be coated with a drywall primer prior to the application of final finishes. See painting/wall covering specification in this regard.

This level should be specified where flat paints, light textures, or wall coverings are to be applied. In critical lighting areas, flat paints applied over light textures tend to reduce joint photographing. Gloss, semi-gloss, and enamel paints are not recommended over this level of finish.

The weight, texture, and sheen level of wall coverings applied over this level of finish should be carefully evaluated. Joints and fasteners must be adequately concealed if the wall covering material is lightweight, contains limited pattern, has a gloss finish, or any combination of these finishes is present. Unbacked vinyl wall coverings are not recommended over this level of finish.

Level 5

All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and two separate coats of joint compound applied over all flat joints and one separate coat of joint compound applied over interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with three separate coats of joint compound. A thin skim coast of joint compound or a material manufactured especially for this purpose shall be applied to the entire surface. The surface shall be smooth and free of tool marks and ridges. Note: It is recommended that the prepared surface be coated with a drywall primer prior to the application of finish paint. See painting specification in this regard.

The level of finish is highly recommended where gloss, semi-gloss, enamel, or non-textured flat paints are specified or where severe lighting conditions occur.

This highest quality finish is the most effective method to provide a uniform surface and minimize the possibility of joint photographing and of fasteners showing through the final decoration.

Critical (Severe) Lighting Areas

Wall and ceiling areas abutting window mullions or skylights, long hallways, or atriums with large surface areas flooded with artificial and/or natural lighting are a few example of critical lighting imperfections. Light striking the surface obliquely, at a very slight angle, greatly exaggerates surface irregularities. If critical lighting cannot be avoided, the effects can be minimized by skim coating the gypsum board surface, by decorating the surface with medium to heavy textures, or by the use of draperies and blinds which soften shadows. In general: gloss, semi-gloss, and enamel finishes highlight surface defects; textures hide minor imperfections.

Manufacturer Recommendations

The recommendations of individual manufacturers of gypsum board, joint tapes and compounds, accessories, drywall primers, wall coverings, adhesives, texture materials, and paints may vary from what is recommended herein and as such are not a part of this recommended specifications.

Drywall Primer

Applied as a first coat to the entire prepared gypsum board surface with brush, roller, or spray prior to decoration. Where final appearance is critical, the application of high quality solids, drywall primer will minimize most decorating problems.

For finish paints: A good quality, white, latex drywall primer formulated with higher binder solids, applied undiluted, is typically specified for new gypsum board surfaces prior to the application of texture materials and gloss, semi-gloss, and flat latex wall paints.

An alkali and moisture-resistant primer and a tinted enamel undercoat may be required under enamel paints. Consult with the finish paint manufacturer for specific recommendations.

For wall coverings: White, self-sizing, water base, “universal” (all purpose) wall covering primers have recently been introduced into the marketplace for use on new gypsum board surfaces. These products are claimed to minimize damage if wall coverings are subsequently removed, bind poor latex paint, allow handing over glossy surfaces and existing vinyls, hide wall colors, and to be water washable.

Texturing

Texture material is applied by brush, roller, spray, or trowel, or a combination of these tools, depending on the desired result. Textured wall surfaces are normally over painted with the desired finish; over painting of textured ceiling surfaces may not be deemed necessary where an adequate amount of material is applied to provide sufficient hiding properties. A drywall primer may not be required under certain proprietary texture materials; consult with the manufacturer of the texture materials for specific recommendations.

Tool Marks and Ridges

A smooth surface may be achieved by lightly sanding or wiping joint compound with a dampened sponge. Care shall be exercised to ensure that the nap of the gypsum board facing paper is not raised during the sanding operations.

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